Charities Regulation & Oversight Project | Columbia Law School

Jurisdictional Boundaries: State/Federal, State/State Relationships

• Ron Barrett, State Charitable and Corporate Compliance for Nonprofits, Nonprofit Webinars (Oct. 26, 2011), http://vimeo.com/31171588
   
• BoardSource, Regulating and Monitoring Nonprofits: Balancing Compliance and Best Practices (2009), www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&ved=0CGk...
   
• Johnny Rex Buckles, AALS 2011 Annual Meeting, Section on Nonprofit Law and Philanthropy: The Federalization of the Duty of Loyalty Governing Charity Fiduciaries Under United States Tax Law, 99 Ky. L.J. 645 (Examining the federalization of the duty of loyalty as embodied in the federal tax regime)
   
• Lloyd H. Mayer and Brendan M. Wilson, Regulating Charities in the 21st Century: an Institutional Choice Analysis (2009), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1481287
   
• Nonpprofitissues.com, In-Person Solicitations Create Grounds for State Court Jurisdiction (June 2009), http://www.nonprofitissues.com/public/features/leadfree/2009jun2-IS.html...
   
• Marcus Owens, Webinar: Regulation of Charities by the IRS: A Primer,  National State Attorneys General Program at Columbia Law School (2011), http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program/ag/policy/CharitiesProj/resou...
   
• Norman I. Silber, Nonprofit Interjurisdictionality, Hofstra University School of Law (Oct. 2004), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=602002

The Fundamental Role Of States In Governance Issues

• David Biemesderfer and Andras Kosaras, The Value of Relationships Between State Charities Regulators & Philanthropy, Council on Foundations (2006), http://www.cof.org/files/Documents/Building%20Strong%20Ethical%20Foundat...
   
• Thomas Lee Hazen & Lisa Love Hazen, Punctilios and Nonprofit Corporate Governance—A Comprehensive Look at Nonprofit Directors' Fiduciary Duties, 14 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 347 (2012), https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/jbl/articles/volume14/issue2/Hazen14U...
   
• Thomas Lee Haze & Lisa Love Hazen, Duties of Nonprofit Corporate Boards—Emphasizing Oversight Responsibilities, Social Science Research Network (July 15, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1984167
   
• William M. Klimon, Legal Developments in Nonprofit Governance: The Year in Review 2011-2012, Caplin & Drysdale, http://www.boardsource.org/blf/downloads/handouts/Klimon_TheYearInReview...
   
• Melanie B. Leslie, Helping Nonprofits Police Themselves: What Trust  Can Teach Us About Conflicts of Interest, 85 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 551 (2010), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1645325
   
• Francie Ostrower, Boards of Midsize Nonprofits: Their Needs and Challenges, Urban Institute (2008), http://www.urban.org/publications/411659.html
   
• Francie Ostrower, Nonprofit Governance in the United States: Findings on Performance and Accountability from the First National Representative Study, Urban Institute (2007), http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411479   
   
• Francie Ostrower & Marla J. Bobowick, Nonprofit Governance and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Urban Institute  (2006), http://www.urban.org/publications/311363.html
   
• Francie Ostrower, Financial Transactions with Your Board: Who Is Looking?, Nonprofit Quarterly (Summer 2008) (Reprinted in Nonprofit Quarterly December 2012), http://www.nonprofitquarterly.org/governancevoice/21585.html#.UQ8Xo-iRo7A
   
• Francie Ostrower & Melissa M Stone, Governance:  Research Trends , Gaps, and Future Prospects in Walter Powell and Richard Steinberg The Nonprofit Sector : A Research Handbook Second Edition, Yale 2006
   
• Michael Peregrine, Principal Nonprofit Corporate Law Trends and Developments, NAAG/NASCO Regulation and Oversight of Nonprofit Organizations Conference (Oct. 3, 2011), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...
   
• Leslie Rosenthal, Nonprofit Corporate Governance: The Board's Role, The Harvard Law Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation (April 15, 2012), http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/corpgov/2012/04/15/nonprofit-corporate-gove...

Emerging Issue: Political Activity/Advocacy By The Sector & The States' Role

• Nicholas Confessore, New York Attorney General Investigates Nonprofit Groups' Political Spending (Aug. 9, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/09/us/politics/eric-schneiderman-investig...

• Gene Takagi & Emily Chan, Webinar: Nonprofit Advocacy: Lobbying and Election-Related Activities for 501(c)(3)s, nonprofit Webinars (April 18, 2012), http://vimeo.com/45345044

• Lloyd H. Mayer, Charities and Lobbying: Institutional Rights in the Wake of Citizens United, Social Science Research Network (Jan. 4, 2011), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1735010

• Roger Colinvaux, The Political Speech of Charities in the Face of Citizens United: A Defense of Prohibition, Social Science Research Network (Feb. 22, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1726407

• Independant Sector, Political Activity of 501(c)(4) Tax-Exempt Organizations (2012), http://www.independentsector.org/501c4_organizations

• NonprofitVote.org, Staying Nonpartisan: 501(c)(3) Guidelines, http://www.nonprofitvote.org/staying-nonpartisan.html (last visited Jan. 22, 2013)

• Mary Catherine Wilcox, How Nonprofits Can Engage in Political Activity During This Election Cycle, The Michigan Business Law Journal (Summer 2012), http://www.michbar.org/business/BLJ/Summer%202012/wilcox.pdf

Transparency, Media And Technology: New Expectations, New Opportunities

• Evelyn Brody, Sunshine and Shadows on Charities Governance: Public Disclosure as a Regulatory Tool (2011), http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/11resconsunshine.pdf
   
• Lucy Bernholz, Blueprint 2013: Philanthropy and the Social Economy: The Annual Industry Forecast, Grantcraft, /sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-general/Bernholz-blueprint_2013.pdf
   
• Bob Carlson, Transparency Can Keep a Nonprofit Out of Trouble, the Chronicle of Philanthropy (March 4, 2011), http://philanthropy.com/blogs/watchdog/transparency-can-keep-a-nonprofit...
   
• Rick Cohen, The Need for Philanthropic Champions of Transparency, Nonprofit Quarterly (July 26, 2012), http://www.nonprofitquarterly.org/philanthropy/20716-the-need-for-philan...
   
• Rob Dileonardi, The Power of Sharing: Why VNA Foundation Joined the Reporting Commitment, Glasspockets: Transparency Talk (Jan. 23, 2013), http://pndblog.typepad.com/pndblog/2013/01/the-power-of-sharing.html
   
• David Early, Donors and Charities Need Protection as Secret Political Spending Grows, Chronicle of Philanthropy (Jan. 13, 2013), http://philanthropy.com/article/DonorsCharities-Need/136565/
   
• Foundation Center, Foundation Center Announces "Open" Grantmaking Data Initiative, http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=396000002
   
• Letter from Hugh R. Jones (President, National Association of State Charities Officials (NASCO)), to Lois Lerner (Director, Exempt Organizations Division, Internal Revenue Service) (Dec. 17, 2007), available at http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-gen...
   
• Karen Frantz, State AG Examines Charity Spending Post-Sandy, TimesLedger.com (Dec. 9, 2012), http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2012/49/aglettertocharities_all_2012_...
   
• Daniel Matz, 50 Shades of Transparency, Foundation Center (Dec. 4, 2012), http://dcblog.foundationcenter.org/2012/12/50-shades-of-transparency.html
   
• New Jersey Office of the Attorney General, Press Release: Division of Consumer Affairs Increases Transparency of Charities (May 25, 2011), http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases11/pr20110525a.html
   
• New York State Office of the Attorney General, Press Release: A.G. Schneiderman Issues Best Practices For Breast Cancer “Pink Ribbon” Campaigns (Oct. 18, 2012), http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/ag-schneiderman-issues-best-practices... (AG Schneiderman of New York praises two large breast cancer research charities for their commitment to informed consumers)
   
• New York State Office of the Attorney General, Five Best Practices for Transparent Cause Marketing, http://www.charitiesnys.com/cause_marketing.jsp
   
• Oregon Dept. of Justice, Attorney General Rosenblum Announces Oregon’s 20 Worst Charities for 2012  (Dec. 13, 2012), http://www.doj.state.or.us/releases/Pages/2012/rel121312.aspx
   

• Philanthropic Transparency: How Public Should Private Philanthropy Be?, The Aspen Institute (May 10, 2012), http://www.aspeninstitute.org/video/philanthropic-transparency-how-publi...

• S.790 (An Act to increase transparency of public charities), 188^th Gen. Court (Mass.  2012), http://www.malegislature.gov/Bills/187/Senate/S00790 (Amplified transparency laws in Massachusetts)
   
• South Carolina Secretary of State, South Carolina Secretary of State Mark Hammond Announces Scrooges and Angels for 2012 (Nov. 15,  2012), http://www.sos.sc.gov/From_the_Secretarys_Desk/Media_and_News_Releases/i...
   
• Tennessee Secretary of State, Press Release, New Law Will Bring More Transparency to Disaster Relief Fundraising (May 23, 2011), http://tnsos.org/Press/story.php?item=273
   
• Matthew Walberg, Bill Seeks Greater Transparency of Nonprofits' Pay Data, Chicago Tribune (Oct. 26, 2012), http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-10-26/news/ct-met-non-profit-loo...

Emerging Issue:Challenges & Interests Of States In Social Mission/Hybrid Organizations 

• Briana Cummings, Benefit Corporations:  How to Enforce a Mandate to Promote the Public Interest, 112 Colum. L. Rev. 578 (April 2012), available at http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/112-3_Cummin...
   
• Ryan J. Gaffney, Hype and Hostility for Hybrid Companies: A Fourth Sector Case Study, 5 J. Bus. Entrepreneurship & L. 329 (2012), available at http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/jbel/vol5/iss2/5/
   
• Brian Howe, Webinar: Structuring Nonprofit Businesses: Hybrid, Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Other Options, Nonprofit Webinars (Oct. 2012), http://vimeo.com/51471944
   
• Cindy M. Lott, Rob Wexler, Heerad Sabeti, Chris Cash, David Spenard & Elizabeth Grant, Webinar: Social Enterprise and Hybrd Corporate Forms: Emerging State Regulatory Perspectives and Responses, Charities Regulation & Oversight Project (June 29, 2011), http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program/ag/policy/CharitiesProj/resou...
   
• National State Attorneys General Program Charities Regulation and Oversight Project, Resources List, Social Missions/Hybrid Corporations Meeting and Webinar, (June 28-29, 2011) (Updated Jan. 2013), /sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-general/Social%20Mission-Hybrid%20Entities%20resources%20list%2001.16.13.pdf
   
• Keren G. Raz, Toward an Improved Legal Form for Social Enterprise, 36 NYU Rev. L. & Soc. Change 283 (2012)
   
• Robert A. Wexler and David A. Levitt, Using New Hybrid Legal Forms: Three Case Studies, Four Important Questions, and a Bunch of Analysis, Exempt Organizations Tax Review  (Jan. 2012), http://www.adlercolvin.com/pdf/hybrid.pdf

Mapping The Trajectory: The Changing Role Of The State Regulators

• David Biemesdorfer and Andras Kosaras, The Value of Relationships Between State Regulators and Philanthropy, Council on Foundations (2006), http://www.givingforum.org/s_forum/bin.asp?CID=2983&DID=9298&DOC=FILE.PDF
   
• Mark E. Chopko, Coming to a Statehouse Near You: The Model Protection of Charitable Assets Act, Stradley & Ronan Stevens and Young, LLP (Jan. 2012),  http://www.stradley.com/newsletters.php?action=view&id=711
   
• Wendy N. Davis, With Charity to All - Except for Scammers: Tougher Laws Seek to Nail Bogus Nonprofits, ABA Journal (Dec. 1, 2011), http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/with_charity_to_all--except_f...
   
• Jeffrey D. Devine, Approval of Model Protection of Charitable Assets Act, Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp (Sept. 2011), http://www.msk.com/news/pub.cfm?id=1743&type=Alert
   
• Susan N. Gary, A Model Act to Protect Charitable Assets Will Benefit Charities, 4 Taxation of Exempts 23 (Jan. 2012)
   
• A Guide to Charitable Trust Case Review, http://www.law.columbia.edu/null?&exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=154...
   
• Cindy M. Lott, Elaine Waterhouse Wilson, Eric Carriker, Therese Harris & Bob Carlson, The Model Protection of Charitable Assets Act: Regulator Perspectives, National State Attorneys General Program at Columbia Law School (April 17, 2012), http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program/ag/policy/CharitiesProj/resou...
   
• Mark J. Fitzgibbons, Comments on the Protection of Charitable Assets Act, Nonprofit Law Prof Blog (Feb. 1, 2011), http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/nonprofit/2011/02/draft-protection-of-c...
   
• Alexandra Magaris, Esq., Protection of Charitable Assets Act: What the New Uniform Law Would Mean for Nonprofits, Venable LLP (April 18, 2011), http://www.aronsonblogs.com/aisg/?p=1095
   
• Pamela A. Mann, The Attorney General’s Regulatory Authority,  Mann Legal Group LLC, http://www.mannlegalgroupllc.com/sites/default/files/publications/Attorn...
   
• National Association of Attorneys General, State Attorneys General: Powers and Responsibilities Ch. 12 (Charitabke Trusts and Solicitations) (2d ed. 2007)
   
• The NonProfit Times, Commission Adopts Model Protection of Charitable Assets Act, (July 13, 2011), http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/article/detail/commission-adopts-model-...
   
• The NonProfit Times, Protection of Charitable Assets Act On Agenda For Uniform Law Group (June 15, 2011), http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/article/detail/protection-of-charitable...
   
• Debra Phillips & Richard L. Schulman, Investigator Expertise: What Every Attorney Should Know Role of the Charity Fraud Investigator,  2010 NAGTRI Conference, http://www.law.columbia.edu/null?&exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=163...

Emerging Issue: State Jurisdiction Over Religious Organizations

• Commission on Accountability and Policy for Religious Organizations , Enhancing Accountability for the Religious and Broader Nonprofit Sector (Dec. 2012), available at http://religiouspolicycommission.org/CommissionReport.aspx
   
• Charities Regulation & Overisight Project, State Regulation of Religious Organizations (2011), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...
   
• Brian M. Murray, The Elephant in Hosanna-Tabor, Geo. J.L.  Pub. Pol’y (forthcoming 2013), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2017258 (Discussing the Supreme Court's failure, in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC, to clarify which organizations may invoke the ministerial exception immunizing those organizations from suits brought by "ministers" claiming violation of employment discrimination law)
   
• Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc to 2000cc-5 (2011), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title42/html/USCODE-2011-title4...
   
• Piero A. Tozzi, Whither Free Exercise: Employment Division v. Smith and the Rebirth of State Constitutional Free Exercise Jurisprudence?, 48 J. Cath. Legal Stud. 269, 276-83 (2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1549367

Emerging Issue: Changing Landscape Of Charitable Solicitation

• Attorney General of Massachusetts, Report on Professional Solicitations for Charity in 2011

• Attorney General of Massachusetts, Report on Professional Solicitations for Charity in 2010

• Bob Carlson, Emerging Issue: Changing Landscape of Charitable Solicitation, Office of the Missouri Attorney General (Feb. 8, 2013), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...

• Bob Carlson & Susan Chloe, Legal Implications of Fundraising Via Social Media, /sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-general/Carlson%20%2B%20Chloe%20-%20Social%20Media%20fundraising_0.pdf

• National Association of State Charities Officials, The Charlston Principles: Guidelines on Charitable Solicitations Using the Internet (March 14, 2001) http://www.grassrootsgivinggroup.com/files/charleston_principles__final.pdf

• Charities Regulation and Oversight Project of the National State Attorneys General Program at Columbia Law School, Technology, Social Media and Nonprofit Fundraising Resources (April 2012), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...

• The Multistate Filer Project, Which States Require Registration of Charitable Soliciting Organizations and Accept the URS?, http://www.multistatefiling.org/#yes_states (last visited Jan. 28, 2013); see also The Multistate Filer Project, Which States Require Registration of Charitable Soliciting Organizations and Do Not Accept the URS?, http://www.multistatefiling.org/#no_states
   
• Network for Good, The Online Giving Study, Onlinegiving.org (2013), http://www.onlinegivingstudy.org/
   
• New York State Attorney General's Office, Pennies for Charity - Where Your Money Goes (reports for 2000 - 2012)
   
• Office of the Vermont Attorney General, Where Have All the Dollars Gone? An Updated Report on Paid Fundraising in Vermont (Dec. 2012)
   
• Seth Perlman, Complex Fundraising Issues Powerpoint, Perlman and Perlman
   
• Kirk Swain, State Registrations: Trust Your Customer but Verify, Philanthropy Journal (Oct. 15, 2012), http://www.philanthropyjournal.org/resources/fundraisinggiving/state-reg...

Federal Partners

• Internal Revenue Service, Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2011-13: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Disclosure of Information to State Officials Regarding Tax-Exempt Organizations (March 28 2011),  http://www.irs.gov/irb/2011-13_IRB/ar09.html#d0e5856

• Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Information: Charity Scams, http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/features/feature-0011-charity-scams (last visited Jan. 29, 2013)

Envisioning The Future: New Structures

• Scott Harshbarger & Steven Netishen, Watchdog Wanted: Making the Case for Internal Oversight of the Nonprofit Sector, The Nonprofit Quarterly (Winter 2008), http://www.law.columbia.edu/null?&exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=151...(final).pdf
   
• Terri Lynn Helge, Policing the Good Guys: Regulation of the Charitable Sector Through a Federal Charity Oversight Boad, 19 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 1 (Fall 2009)
   
• Lloyd H. Mayer and Brendan M. Wilson, Regulating Charities in the 21st Century: an Institutional Choice Analysis (2009), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1481287
   
• Suzanne Perry, Proposals for Strengthening Charity Oversight, The Chronicle of Philanthropy (Oct. 28, 2012), http://philanthropy.com/article/Proposals-for-Strengthening/135334/

Emerging Issue: The Dynamic Role Of States In Nonprofit Healthcare

• Attorney General v. Hahnemann Hosp., 397 Mass. 820, 829 (1986) (applying charitable trust principles to question of whether hospital could use unrestricted funds received prior to an amendment of its charter for purposes added in the amendment, and finding that Attorney General's authority over charities was not preempted by state and federal regulation of hospital operations)
   
• CCIIO, Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan Program, http://cciio.cms.gov/programs/coop/index.html (last visited Jan. 8, 2013)
   
• Samuel T. Grover, Religious Exemptions to the PPACA's Health Insurance Mandate, American Journal of Law and Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1935636
   
• Jill Horwitz, Does Nonprofit Ownership Matter?, Yale Journal on Regulation, Vol. 24 (Winter 2007), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=964961
   
• Jill Horwitz & Austin Nichols, Hospital ownership and medical services: Market mix, spillover effects, and nonprofit objectives, Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 28, Issue 5 (Sept. 2009), available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629609000654
   
• IRS, New Requirements for 501(c)(3) Hospitals Under the Affordable Care Act , http://www.irs.gov/Charities-&-Non-Profits/Charitable-Organizations/New-... (last updated Nov. 1, 2012)
   
• IRS, Affordable Care Act Tax Provisions, http://www.irs.gov/uac/Affordable-Care-Act-Tax-Provisions (last updated Dec. 28, 2012)
   
• Terry M. Knowles, Update on Community Benefits, New Hampshire Attorney General Charitable Trust Unit, https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...
   
• Doug Mancino, Section 501(r) Requirements for Section 501(c)(3) Hospitals, Taxation of Exempts (Jan./Feb. 2013), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...
   
• Timothy D. Martin, Revenue-Cycle Management and Reimbursement: The Impact of Health Law and Health Reform on Providers, Vol. 4, No. 3, J. Health & Life Sci. L. Pg. 159, (Feb. 2011)  available at http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=timoth...
   
• Massachusetts Office of the Attorney General, Statement of the Attorney General as to the Morton Hospital and Medical Center, Inc. Transaction (Sept. 7, 2011), http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/nonprofit/morton/morton-ag-statement.pdf
   
• Robert E. Mechanic, Stuart H. Altman and John John E. McDonough, The New Era Of Payment Reform, Spending Targets, And Cost Containment In Massachusetts: Early Lessons For The Nation, Health Affairs (Sept. 2012), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2012/09/17/hlthaff.2012.0...
   
• National Association of Attorneys General, Resolution Adopting Model Legilsation on Conversion of Nonprofit Healthcare Entities to For-Profit Status (July 1998), http://apps.americanbar.org/antitrust/at-committees/at-state/pdf/state-p...
   
• National Association of Community Health Centers: Health Reform Spotlight, http://www.nachc.com/healthreform.cfm (last visited Jan. 13, 2013)
   
• National Conference of State Legislators, Community Health Centers: A Primer for Legislators, http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/community-health-centers-over... (last visited Jan. 13, 2013)
   
• National Council of Nonprofits: Health Care Reform, http://www.councilofnonprofits.org/public-policy/federal-policy-issues/h... (last visited Jan. 7, 2013)
   
• Michael W. Peregrine, Projected Governance Trends for Non-Profit Hospitals and Health Systems, McDermott, Will & Emery  (2012), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...
   
• Michael W. Peregrine & James R. Schwartz, Key Nonprofit Corproate  Law Developments in 2012, Bloomber BNA Health Law Reporter (Jan. 31, 2013), https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/attorneys-ge...
   
• Tara Adams Ragone, Structuring Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations to Avoid Antittrust Challenges, 42 Seton Hall L. R. 1443 (2012), http://erepository.law.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1446&context=shlr
   
• Sara Rosenbaum and Ross Margulies, Tax-Exempt Hospitals and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice, Public Health Rep. 2011 Mar-Apr; 126(2): 283–286
   
• Adi Shafir and Jill Rosenthal, Shared Decision Making: Advancing Patient-Centered Care through State and Federal Implementation, National Academy for State Health Policy (March 2012), http://www.nashp.org/sites/default/files/shared.decision.making.report.pdf
   
• Statement of the American Hospital Association before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition and the Internet of the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives “Health Care Consolidation and Competition after PPACA” (May 18, 2012), http://www.aha.org/advocacy-issues/testimony/2012/120518-tes-ppaca.pdf